Nama : Dimas Prabaswara
NPM : 22316021
Kelas : TK 22 A
1. 1. First Generation Computers (1940s-1950s)
The first generation of
computers, also known as the vacuum tube computers, used vacuum tubes to
perform calculations. These computers were massive, occupying entire rooms and
consuming a lot of power. The first generation computers were slow, had limited
memory capacity, and required a lot of maintenance. One of the most famous
computers of this generation was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer), which was built in 1945. The ENIAC weighed 30 tons, had 18,000
vacuum tubes, and could perform 5,000 additions per second.
First Generation
Characteristic:
- · Vacuum tube
- ·
Programmed by machine language
- ·
Using stored program concept
- ·
Using magnetic core storage technology
- ·
Huge
- ·
High temperature
2. 2. Second Generation Computers
(1950s-1960s)
The second generation
of computers marked a significant improvement in technology. Transistors
replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. The
second generation computers were also more energy-efficient and required less
maintenance than their predecessors. One of the most significant examples of a
second-generation computer was the IBM 1401, which was introduced in 1959. The
IBM 1401 was a popular business computer that used transistors instead of
vacuum tubes. It was smaller and more affordable than its predecessors and
could perform up to 16,000 additions per second.
Second Generation
Characteristic:
- ·
Transistor
- ·
FOTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, etc.
- ·
Larger main memory capacity
- ·
Using secondary memory
- ·
For business and engineering application
- ·
Smaller
- ·
Cheaper
- ·
Dissipates less heat than a vacuum tube
3. 3. Third Generation Computers (1960s-1970s)
The third generation of
computers was characterized by the development of integrated circuits.
Integrated circuits allowed more components to be packed onto a single chip,
making computers even smaller and more powerful. These computers were also more
reliable and required less maintenance. One of the most famous examples of a
third-generation computer was the IBM System/360, which was introduced in 1964.
The IBM System/360 was a family of mainframe computers that could perform up to
34 million instructions per second. It was a significant improvement over
previous computers and was used in businesses and universities around the
world.
Third Generation
Characteristic:
- ·
IC (Integrated Circuit)
- ·
OS depends on needs
- ·
Output as terminal screen
- ·
Using magnetic disk as secondary memory
- ·
Multiprocessing and multiprogramming
- ·
Network feature
- ·
Larger memory
4. 4. Fourth Generation Computers
(1970s-1980s)
The fourth generation
of computers marked the beginning of the microprocessor era. The microprocessor
allowed for the development of personal computers, which were smaller and more
affordable than mainframe computers. These computers were also more powerful
and could perform more tasks than their predecessors. One of the most famous
examples of a fourth-generation computer was the Apple II, which was introduced
in 1977. The Apple II was one of the first personal computers and was used in
homes, schools, and businesses. It had a color display, a floppy disk drive,
and could run a wide range of software.
Microprocessors:
- ·
The density of elements on processor
chips continued to rise
- ·
More and more elements were placed on each
chip so that fewer
- ·
and fewer chips were needed to construct
a single computer processor
1971 Intel developed
4004:
- ·
First chip to contain all of the
components of a CPU on a single chip
- ·
Birth of microprocessor
1972 Intel developed
8008:
- ·
First 8-bit microprocessor
1974 Intel developed
8080:
- ·
First general purpose microprocessor
- Faster, has a richer instruction set, has a large addressing capability
